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| January 1-10 |
Leaders of three minor opposition groups decided late last month not to seek registration as candidates for the February 19 presidential elections in Armenia. Paruir
Hairikian, Arshak Sadoyan and Petros Makeyan announced their decisions shortly before the December 31 deadline for submission of signatures in support of each nominee. There are now twelve presidential hopefuls left, but it is uncertain if the Central Election Commission
(CEC) will register all of them.
While the incumbent President Robert Kocharian remains a clear favorite, the opposition's consolidation in recent weeks can potentially complicate his reelection bid. Armenia's Communist Party, the Socialist Armenia Union and the Constitutional Rights Union are almost certain to support the National Unity Party
(AMK) Chairman Artashes Geghamian. Although all three of Geghamian's likely allies have nominated their own candidates (Vladimir
Darbinian, Garnik Margarian and Aram Karapetian, respectively), the AMK leader succeeded in sealing an electoral alliance with Communists and Socialists in late December. As part of the deal, Geghamian has adopted the Communist platform advocating for a closer political and economic alliance with Russia. He also promises to raise social allowances and public sector wages.
The founding director of a leading Yerevan think tank Raffi Hovannisian, who is running as an independent, has in recent weeks emerged as another possible presidential contender.
Hovannisian's platform emphasizes the need to regain public trust in government by creating fair conditions for economic competition and more vigorous efforts to combat unemployment. He also stresses the importance of stronger relations with the Diaspora, repatriation to Armenia and eventual reunification of Armenia and
Karabakh. Observers believe that Hovannisian may count on the backing of Stepan Demirchian of the People's Party and Aram Sargsian of the Party of the Republic, as well as several lesser opposition parties. Hovannisian's eligibility to run remains in question, however, since he became an Armenian citizen less than two years ago.
A veteran of Armenian politics, the National Democratic Union leader Vazgen Manukian indicated last month that he would not pull out of the race in favor of a stronger opposition candidate. He said that the opposition alliance, which includes his Union, "has exhausted itself." He also dismissed numerous polls that put him behind other opposition leaders. Another potential candidate, the Democratic Party leader Aram Sargsian indicated this week he would stay in the race in spite of his reportedly low ratings. He criticized the gap between rich and poor, privatization of state assets and absence of a forceful Armenian stance in the Karabakh conflict as the biggest shortcomings of the incumbent administration. Sargsian ran in the 1998 elections, but collected less that one percent of the vote at the time. He later worked as a foreign policy advisor to Kocharian, before joining the opposition. The two least known contenders, Ruben Avagian and Aram
Harutiunian, appear to be leaning towards the incumbent. (Sources: Arminfo 12-23, 1-8, 9; Noyan Tapan 12-23, 24, 27, 30, 1-7, 9; Haikakan Zhamanak 10-25, 26; Mediamax 12-27; Armenpress 12-31) |
| January 1-10 |
The Armenian government's economic policy helped create over 70,000 largely private sector jobs in 2001-2002 and at least as many are expected in the next two years, President Robert Kocharian said in December. He said the progress stemmed from an improved business climate that made the overall economic growth possible. It was not clear if Kocharian factored in the thousands of jobs cut as part of cuts in the bloated state apparatus.
The 2002 growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated at over 12.5 percent - the highest level achieved since independence, Finance Minister Vardan Khachatrian reported this week. Most other economic indicators were also positive, with Armenian companies exporting almost 50 percent more products and the Armenian government collecting 26 percent more revenue than in 2001. Social Affairs Minister Razmik Martirosian said the official poverty estimate has been reduced from 58 to just over 50 percent, including those in abject poverty from 22 to 16 percent of the total population.
However, Kocharian conceded that his administration has so far failed to implement anticipated reforms of pension and social allowance systems, as well as medical insurance. He also said that the ongoing reforms of the civil service and tax administration were proceeding with a delay. Kocharian revealed that the government was "seriously considering" the introduction of a minimum wage, something that Armenia's main donors - international financial institutions - have opposed. So far, the government succeeded only in eliminating most payment arrears for public sector workers and providing modest salary increases.
Kocharian also pledged to complete humanitarian relief efforts in the Shirak and Lori provinces, areas affected by the December 1988 earthquake, and turn them into a development zone. In his New Year address he noted that thousands of families in the area have moved into new homes in 2002. (Sources: Golos Armenii 12-21; Armenpress 1-1; Arminfo 1-8, 9;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-8) |
| January 1-10 |
Tigran Naghdalian, chairman of the Presidential Council on Public TV and Radio, died on December 27, hours after he was shot and fatally wounded outside his parents' home in Yerevan. The murder was roundly condemned by all of Armenia's political forces.
Naghdalian, 36, was one of Armenia's most prominent media personalities. After working as a journalist for several government, foreign and opposition media outlets, he served as director of Armenian National TV between 1998 and 2001. Naghdalian was a strong supporter of President Robert Kocharian and a harsh critic of many of his political opponents. Two weeks into the investigation, the Prosecutor's Office reportedly still had no suspects. A public fund offered a $250,000 reward for information that could lead to the identification and capture of the perpetrators.
In the run-up to the February presidential elections, political observers saw Naghdalian as one of the key members of Kocharian's political team. This week, Kocharian elevated his other close advisor, Aleksan
Harutiunian, to the media post. (Sources: Reuters 12-29; RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-8; Arminfo 1-9) |
| January 1-10 |
Azerbaijani authorities in Nakhichevan have in recent months resumed efforts to complete the destruction of Armenian khachkars (cross-stones) and chapels dating back to the 9th century located in the area known as Jugha on the Iranian border. The destruction was first reported by a warden of the monastery of St. Stephanos the
Protomartyr, located just across from Jugha, and has since been confirmed by other visitors, particularly from the Land and Culture Organization which works to restore Armenian monuments. The actions in Nakhichevan are part of the overall effort by the Azerbaijani government to erase all traces of Armenian history in the areas from which Armenians had been ethnically cleansed in the past. The Armenian government has appealed to UNESCO to stop the destruction. A similar appeal in 1998 helped stop the destruction, albeit temporarily. (Sources: History of Jugha
http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_jugha.html; Noyan Tapan 12-2; Yerkir 12-3; R&I Report 1-10) |
| January 1-10 |
Andrzej Kasprzyk, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) envoy responsible for overseeing the implementation of the 1994 cease-fire between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces, noted this week increased shooting incidents along the Line of Contact, particularly in the border areas of Armenia's north-eastern Tavush province. In December alone, firefights in that area had killed and wounded at least six servicemen from both sides.
Kasprzik, however, denied media reports claiming that the Azeri army made headway in
Tavush. Armenian observers qualified the reports, spread by Azerbaijan's notorious ANS TV, as yet another propaganda exercise. This week, Co-chairman of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian issues Rep. Frank Pallone Jr. (D-NJ) sent a letter to Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev urging him to renounce and condemn military rhetoric. Pallone's statement referred to reports from independent Azerbaijani sources that the government deliberately encourages militaristic propaganda to steer debate away from domestic politics and warned that such exercises set a stage for renewed violence. (Sources: Noyan Tapan 1-7; R&I Report 1-7; Zerkalo 1-7; Arminfo 1-9) |
| January 1-10 |
The chairman of Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party
(AKP) Recep Tayyip Erdogan said this week that he was not satisfied with the current level of relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan. Erdogan particularly noted falling bilateral trade and other problems faced by Turkish companies trying to do business in Azerbaijan. Past and present leaders of both countries have long referred to them as "two states, one nation." While Turkey has been Azerbaijan's most important security partner for most of the last decade, relations have been often rocky, including Ankara's attempt to overthrow Aliyev and Baku's reported links to Turkey's Kurdish separatists.
During this week's visit to Azerbaijan, Erdogan complained that Kurdish militants continued to be based in Azerbaijan under the guise of various cultural organizations. The Azerbaijani opposition leaders have repeatedly charged Aliyev's close subordinates with collusion with the Kurds. A reputable Azerbaijani news magazine identified one of these officials as Beyler
Eyubov, Aliyev's relative and chief bodyguard, who also oversees the presidential guard division, Azerbaijan's best-trained armed unit of several thousand men. The ethnically Kurdish Eyubov family is reportedly one of the most influential clans in Azerbaijan.
At the same time, Erdogan ruled out any softening of Turkish policy towards Armenia that would entail establishment of diplomatic and direct economic relations prior to resolution of the Karabakh conflict. Turkey "will never act against the will of the Azerbaijani people," he reportedly told Azerbaijani journalists. The interim Turkish Prime Minister Abdullah Gul indicated late last year that any changes in Caucasus policy may lead to the fall of the AKP government, apparently at the hands of the military. Erdogan also expressed hope that a settlement of the Karabakh conflict would be one "in Azerbaijan's favor" and urged Azeris to "be patient." (Sources: Monitor No. 4, 2002; Ekho 1-8, 9;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-8; Zerkalo 1-8, 9) |
| January 10 -17 |
The field of contenders for the February 19 presidential elections narrowed to eleven this week, after the Central Election Commission
(CEC) declined to register former Foreign Minister Raffi Hovannisian on the grounds that he and became an Armenian national less than two years ago. The CEC decision came after a local court dismissed Hovannisian's appeal to backdate his citizenship to 1991, when he says he made the first application. The judge argued that Hovannisian failed to present evidence of his 1991 application. Opposition parties condemned the CEC decision as politically motivated.
Hovannisian's withdrawal from the race left other candidates scrambling for his endorsement. While Hovannisian backed Kocharian's election in 1998, he has gravitated towards the opposition and is believed to be close to former Prime Minister Aram Sargsian and People's Party Chairman Stepan
Demirchian. However, in a interview with an opposition newspaper journalist, Hovannisian's aides claimed that he was not about to endorse any of the remaining opposition candidates.
Observers this week again predicted that several more candidates would drop out before the election after using their airtime to support stronger candidates, such as
Demirchian, Artashes Geghamian or Vazgen Manukian, who are expected to remain in the race to the end. Former Prime Minister Sargsian went further this week and claimed that a "final decision on a united [opposition] front" has already been made, although he gave no details. (Sources: Haykakan Zhamanak 1-10;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-15, 16; Arminfo 1-16; Ayb-Fe 1-16) |
| January 10 -17 |
A report published this week revealed that the family of Armenia's former Prime Minister (1999-2000) and currently an opposition leader Aram Sargsian in the last year earned more than the families of eleven other nominees combined, The presidential hopefuls submitted their personal and family income statements to the Central Election Committee
(CEC) together with roughly $10,000 collateral payment and at least 35,000 signatures of supporters by the end of last month. Below are the total family incomes of presidential candidates as reported this week by the CEC press secretary Lilit Sedrakian (the original amounts in Armenian dram were converted at the rate of 590 AMD to $1):
Candidate, Affiliation Most recent employment Total family income
Aram Sargsian, Party of the Republic Ararat Cement Factory $349,000
Raffi Hovannisian, Non-partisan Center for National and International Studies $129,000
Aram Karapetian, Constitutional Rights Union "Herankar" Center for Political Analysis $34,000
Ruben Avagian, United Armenians Party "Mants" private university $24,000
Robert Kocharian, Non-partisan Incumbent President $17,000
Stepan Demirchian, People's Party "Mars" Electronics Plant $9,800
Vazgen Manukian, National Democratic Union Parliament Member $9,300
Artashes Geghamian, National Unity Party Parliament Member $3,700
Aram Sargsian, Democratic Party Presidential Advisor $3,700
Vladimir Darbinian, Communist Party Sardarabad Museum $2,500
Aram Harutiunian, National Accord Party Yerevan State University $850
Garnik Margarian, Socialist Armenia Union State Traffic Police $400
In most cases the presidential candidates themselves are not the primary earners in their respective families. Thus, father of the former Prime Minister Aram
Sargsian, Zaven, generates the lion's share of the family income. Raffi Hovannisian's wife
Armenuhi, who directs the Orran Children's Shelter, earns twice as much as her husband, who also owns several buildings used for business and public purposes. The incumbent President Robert Kocharian's oldest son Sedrak earned about $11,000, compared to his father's annual salary of $6,000.
In other families, the biggest income contributors include Rimma
Demirchian, the widow of the late Soviet Armenian leader Karen Demirchian and mother of the presidential contender Stepan
Demirchian; Vazgen Manukian's oldest daughter Astghik; and Artashes Geghamian's wife, Anush
Pluzian. No details are reported on the sources of income.
According to a report released this week by the National Statistics Service, the size of nominal average annual wages last year was around $540 per person, but a large proportion of the population earns additional income that remains unregistered. (Sources:
RFE/RL Arm. Report [Armenian language] 1-13; Noyan Tapan 1-15) |
| January 10 -17 |
The majority of Armenian voters, who will turn out to vote in the February 19 presidential elections, will aim to preserve their economic well-being achieved in the recent years, pollster Aharon Adibekian predicted in interviews this week. Adibekian, who heads the SocioMeter Center, one of Armenia's oldest polling organizations, said that at least 30 percent of the voters would vote for the incumbent under any circumstances, estimating a voter turnout of between 55 and 60 percent. He also noted that according to recent polls, only 11 percent of Armenians now want to emigrate from Armenia as opposed to the vast majority who thought about emigrating in the mid-1990s.
According to the official estimates, last year, Armenia's migration balance was positive for the first time in a decade. Director of the Government Department for Migration and Refugee Affairs Gagik Yeganian told a seminar this week that in 2002 594,442 people were registered as having departed from Armenia and 595,078 as having arrived in the country. Yeganian said that although small the positive balance is an important indication marking an end to the years of strong emigration from the country. Official figures show that close to a million people left Armenia following the economic crisis of the early 1990s. For the years 2000-2001 alone the negative balance amounted to 118,000 people. (Sources: Hayots Ashkhar 1-15; Arminfo 1-16, 17) |
| January 10 -17 |
President Robert Kocharian visited with German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and Russian President Vladimir Putin this week to discuss Armenia's political and economic relations with both countries.
During his visit to Berlin, Kocharian urged European states not to stop the "process of consolidation of Europe halfway." Indicating that Armenia may seek a European Union membership in the future, he noted that Armenian national culture is part of a larger European civilization. Kocharian also thanked the country's leaders for the $100 million in economic assistance Germany provided to Armenia since independence. Prior to his trip, Kocharian participated in the re-launching of the two units of the Kanaker Hydro-Electrical Plant, modernized with German help. Trade between the two countries has focused mostly on mining and metallurgy. Armenia's leading aluminum plant,
Armenal, plans to boost its German sales to $20 million this year. During the trip, the two sides signed an agreement calling for a boost in economic ties. Kocharian also visited the city of Cologne to meet with the German Armenian community.
Negotiations in Moscow focused on bilateral security and economic cooperation, including the ongoing repayment of the Armenian state debt for Russian energy supplies. Speaking at the Russian Diplomatic Academy, Kocharian again expressed confidence that the upcoming Armenian elections will be held in "compliance with European standards." He said that the country's membership in the Council of Europe and the World Trade Organization means that democratic and economic reforms made in Armenia since independence are becoming institutionalized. Kocharian will conclude his Russia visit with a trip to the southern region of
Krasnodar, home to hundreds of thousands of ethnic Armenians and, last year, a scene of anti-Armenian disturbances. (Sources: Deutsche
Press-Agentur 1-14; Arminfo 1-14, 15, 16; Noyan Tapan 1-16) |
| January 10 -17 |
The Israeli Foreign Ministry's Deputy Director General David Peleg this week arrived in Yerevan to follow-up on political consultations that began during last month's visit to Israel by Deputy Foreign Minister Rouben Shugarian. In his public comments, the Israeli official noted expanding bilateral trade and said he anticipated current friendly relations to strengthen further. Peleg also participated in the inauguration of the Shalom Club of the Jewish community of Armenia. (Sources: Armenia This Week 12-6; Arminfo 1-16) |
| January 17-24 |
Public campaigning for Armenia's February 19th presidential elections officially began this week, with candidates appearing on television, holding rallies and traveling around the country.
On Wednesday, incumbent President Robert Kocharian began his campaigning with trips to some of the most disadvantaged areas in the country, including towns of Charentsavan and Hrazdan in the central Kotayk province, home to a number of largely idle Soviet-era factories. Kocharian pledged that improvement of people's living standards will remain his government's highest priority. He said he would continue efforts to create jobs, rebuild infrastructure and resolve natural gas and water shortages. Kocharian also promised to seek international recognition of Nagorno Karabakh's right to self-determination and ruled out swapping Meghri or any other Armenian territory with Azerbaijan.
Speaking at his Yerevan campaign headquarters on Tuesday, Kocharian cited achievements during his five-year tenure, including a decrease in unemployment and poverty, a more business-friendly environment and reconstruction of housing, schools and roads. Since 1998, the size of the Armenian economy, including its industrial sector, has increased by more than one-third, with the volume of exports, size of the banking system and foreign reserves nearly doubled. Kocharian urged his supporters to seek the confidence of a large number of undecided voters and use only legal methods in political competition. "Our main goal is to assure people that we are on a right track, that we can work and that we are honest - should we succeed in this, our victory will be sealed… We must try to make sure that this victory is fair and not questioned by anyone," he said.
Also this week, one of Kocharian's main challengers - People's Party Chairman Stepan Demirchian -campaigned in the towns and villages of the northern Lori province, including areas that were at the epicenter of the severe 1988 earthquake. Demirchian criticized upbeat government reports about reconstruction in the area, saying that much remains to be done. He also called for a greater state role in the economy, including resumption of agricultural subsidies, and return to the pre-independence system of local administration. Arshak
Sadoyan, an outspoken parliamentarian who recently endorsed Demirchian's candidacy, featured prominently throughout the Lori trip.
A possible Demirchian ally, former Prime Minister Aram Sargsian, met with residents of Yerevan's Shengavit community. Sargsian promised to continue the programs of his brother, the late Prime Minister Vazgen
Sargsian. Sargsian said that his party, which includes a significant number of members of the Yekrapah paramilitary organization, would focus on preventing falsifications on the day of the voting. He again claimed that opposition parties have already agreed on a joint candidate and will make their decision public at an "appropriate time."
Another opposition candidate, chairman of the National Democratic Union Vazgen
Manukian, this week surprised pro-opposition media when he said that Kocharian was best positioned to win the elections. Manukian also spoke against the merger of ideologically different opposition groups for the sake of advancing a single opposition candidate. (Sources: Aravot 1-21, 23; Arminfo 1-21, 22, 23; Noyan Tapan 1-21, 22, 23;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-21, 22, 23; Yerkir.am 1-22, 23; A1+ 1-23) |
| January 17-24 |
Weekly opinion polls commissioned by Armenia's opposition dailies in Yerevan show little change in the distribution of support for presidential hopefuls from what has been reported in past months by other polling organizations. According to the Haykakan Zhamanak survey, the incumbent President Robert Kocharian leads with close to 25 percent. People's Party chairman Stepan Demirchian with 11.5 percent is a distant second, and the National Unity Party chairman Artashes Geghamian third, with about 10 percent. The daily's pollster suggested that nation-wide support for Kocharian is probably higher, since rural residents tend to support incumbents. A poll published in another daily,
Aravot, gave Kocharian 22 percent, Demirchian 9 percent and Geghamian just 3 percent. Both papers, sympathetic to the Armenian Pan-National Movement, support
Demirchian.
A veteran of Soviet and Armenian politics, Geghamian has so far been more successful in alliance building than
Demirchian, who entered politics three years ago. Earlier this week, leaders of the Communist Party and Socialist Armenian Union officially endorsed
Geghamian, who has also been successful in attracting a number of former Kocharian supporters and is seeking to become a joint opposition candidate. Commentators suggest that Demirchian's ability to compete with Geghamian now largely hinges on endorsements from former Foreign Minister Raffi Hovannisian and former Prime Ministers Aram Sargsian and Vazgen
Manukian. (Sources: Aravot 1-18; Haykakan Zhamanak 1-18; Arminfo 1-20; Noyan Tapan 1-20;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-20). |
| January 17-24 |
Armenians faced the renewed threat of electricity rationing due to a three-month delay in the delivery of nuclear fuel and two explosions on its main gas pipeline earlier this week. Both fuels come from Russia and supply Armenia's nuclear and thermal power plants, which account for some 80 percent of Armenia's electricity-generating capacity. The Russian government tied nuclear fuel delivery to a more stringent debt-repayment schedule, while explosions were blamed on falling rocks in Russia's North
Osettia, close to the Georgian border.
However, some observers say privately that there may be political reasons behind these energy troubles. They believe Russia is intentionally putting pressure on the incumbent Armenian President in the run up to the presidential elections in order to secure more concessions for even greater control of Armenia's energy infrastructure. During his trip to Moscow earlier this month, President Robert Kocharian handed over financial management of the Metsamor nuclear plant to the Russians. Yet another theory ties the breakdown in gas supplies to renewed tensions between Russia and Georgia, which is even more affected by the interruption.
According to reports from Armenia, while in Moscow Kocharian also sought to ensure the Russian government's non-interference on the side of opposition presidential candidates. In the 1998 elections, Kocharian's main opponent, the late Karen
Demirchian, was rumored to be backed by senior Russian officials. In this year's election, Kocharian is facing Demirchian's son,
Stepan, and another challenger, Artashes Geghamian, who supports a political union with Russia. For several months, the Russian press was inundated with articles criticizing the Kocharian government's efforts for expanded relations with the United States and NATO.
Metsamor resumed electricity production this week using emergency reserves of nuclear fuel, which are expected to last until May. Thermal power plants are also tapping into the natural gas reservoirs. (Sources: NG.ru 1-15; Arminfo 1-17, 20, 22, 23, 24; Noyan Tapan 1-17, 20, 21;
RFE/RL Armenia Report 1-18, 21, 22; MK.ru 1-20; R&I Reports 1-20, 23; Aravot 1-21). |
| January 17-24 |
President George W. Bush issued a recommendation last week extending a conditional waiver of the law that limits U.S. assistance to Azerbaijan by another year. The law, Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act, was originally introduced in 1992 in an effort by the United States to pressure Azerbaijan to stop its blockades and military offensives against Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia. The law was waived last year following September 11 attacks on New York and Washington in order to encourage Azerbaijan's cooperation in the U.S.-led war against Al Qaida terrorist organization in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The waiver opened the way for U.S. assistance to Azerbaijan's security agencies, as long as that assistance does not threaten the Karabakh peace process or used for offensive purposes against Armenia.
Over the past year, Azerbaijan's authoritarian leadership, led by the former KGB General Heydar
Aliyev, continued to rebuff peace initiatives and threaten a new war over
Karabakh. Last week, Ilham Aliyev, the only son and would-be successor of the Azerbaijani President, referred to international mediation in the Karabakh conflict as an effort to force Azerbaijan into a "humiliating peace," destabilize the country, and bring to power "weak and non-serious forces subservient to the West." At the same time, Azerbaijan continued to crack down on opposition groups and there are concerns that U.S. aid may be used for other than its intended purposes. Last year, a senior defector from the Azerbaijani Ministry of National Security (ex-KGB) now living in France claimed that U.S. funds provided to the Ministry to bolster Azerbaijan's security vis-୶is Iran are used to stifle Azerbaijani domestic dissent. Aga
Nuriyev, an elder in the village which was a site of bloody confrontation with security forces last year, told an American journalist earlier this month: "They want to enforce their dictatorship, and they want America to pay for it." (Sources:
VirtualMonitor.org; Armenia This Week 6-7, 14, 10-11-02; Washington Post 1-12; Zerkalo 1-15; The White House Office of the Press-Secretary 1-17). |
| January 17-24 |
Azerbaijan's President Heydar Aliyev instigated anti-Armenian violence in Azerbaijan following his ouster from the Soviet Politbureau in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev, a study by the Monitor, a leading Azerbaijani independent magazine, reported this month. Scores of ethnic Armenians were hunted down and brutally murdered throughout Azerbaijan starting in 1987. Armenian survivors commemorated the anniversary of the pogroms at a rally in Yerevan last week. Monitor, which has been repeatedly shut down by the Azerbaijani government, said Aliyev instigated the violence using his contacts in Azerbaijan's security agencies and the nationalist movement to undermine an investigation of his corrupt practices launched by Gorbachev at the time. Last year, Aliyev publicly admitted that as Azerbaijan's Soviet-era leader, he took steps to oust the Armenian population from Nagorno Karabakh. (Sources: NG.ru 1-13, 2-20-00; Armenia This Week 7-26-02; Zerkalo 1-18; Noyan Tapan 1-20). |
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